AGE

A privileged witness of the origins of the Aquileian Christianity is a codex of the gospels written around the year 500 and known as Evangeliarium Foroiuliense, which in the Carolingian age had been kept in the basilica dedicated to the Cantiani martyrs near Aquileia. The codex, devoid of the gospel according to Mark, is nowadays kept at the National Archaeological Museum of Cividale del Friuli (Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteche, cod. CXXXVIII). A legend, which was soon to be spread over the whole Christian West, according to which Mark’s Gospel was the an autograph of the speller himself during his preaching in Aquileia, led to its extrapolation from the remaining codex in the twelfth century. As a matter of fact, the first item reported in the thirteenth-century inventory of the Aquileian cathedral is «liber beati Marci evangeliste, quem propria manu scripsit». Two quires of this gospel were given as a present by the patriarch Nicholas of Luxemburg to emperor Charles IV in 1354 and they are still kept at Prague (Prague, Archiv Pražského hradu [Knihovna Metropolitní Kapitoly], Cim. 1); the remaining part of the gospel was brought to Venice as spoils of war in 1420 by the army that had conquered Friuli (Venice, Basilica di San Marco, Tesoro, 98).

After affirming the Byzantine dominium over Italy at the end of the Gothic War, Emperor Justinian extends the empire’s legislation to the peninsula. An articulated collection of Roman-Justinian juridical texts, including the Epitome Iuliani, is kept in a ninth-century codex coming from Udine and nowadays kept at Leipzig (Lepzig, Universitätsbibliothek Albertina, Haenel 8 and 9).

In 568 the Lombards entered into Italy and founded the Duchy of Friuli. The history of the Lombard people, from their mythical Scandinavian origins to the death of Liutprand (744), is told by Paul the Deacon in his Historia Langobardorum. It is of a particular interest that in the city itself of Paul the Deacon, a few years after its composition, his work of major interest for Friuli was probably copied (Cividale, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, cod. XXVIII). Another Historia Langobardorum codex, coming from Cividale, is kept at the Vatican Apostolic Library (Vat. Lat. 11256).

A Lombard-age evangeliarium, once kept at Aquileia, that allows to reconstruct the most relevant part of the Aquileian liturgical year (Berlin, Staatsbibliothek – preußischer Kulturbesitz, Depot. Breslau 5).

The patriarch of Aquileia Callistus moves the see of the patriarchate to Cividale. In the same year Ratchis becomes duke of Friuli. From the artistic and cultural viewpoint a period of particular splendour starts then for Cividale. Even though there are no direct evidences of the presence of an active scriptorium in the city, the hypothesis that the evangeliarium, codex Rehdigeranus (Berlin, Staatsbibliothek – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Depot. Breslau 5 [Rehd. 169]) was manufactured in this Friulian city is not to be disregarded. This codex was still kept at Aquileia in the fifteenth century. The Capitulare Evangeliorum, added in a pre-Caroline cursive either contemporary or little later than the gospel text script, allows to reconstruct the most relevant part of the liturgical year celebrated at Aquileia in the early Middle Ages.

Very old exemplar of St. Jerome’s double Psalter, particularly famous for its belonging to Eberhard, marquis of Friuli (Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. lat. 11).

Charlemagne suppresses the revolt of Hrodgaud, the last Lombard duke of Friuli: then the Carolingian age starts in this region. The History of Lombards, which is here represented by the two above mentioned codices of Cividale provenance (Cividale, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, cod. XXVIII; Vat. Lat. 11256), was written by Paul the Deacon the day after his stay in France (or even during it, according to others) with the aim to let the conquerors know and accept the cultural worth and the historical experience of his people. The III section collects other, either whole or fragmentary, witnesses of the Carolingian Age in Friuli. Among them on the margins of a codex of St. Jerome’s Commentary to Paul’s Epistles the names of two patriarchs emerge: Valpert, patriarch of Aquileia between 874 e 900 circa, and Lupus II, in charge between 940 and 948-949 (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, lat. 9531).

The presence of the manuscript in Friuli is witnessed at least since the beginning of the fifteenth century (Paris, Bibliothèque Mazarine, 1645).

An articulated collection of Roman-Justinian juridical texts circulating in Italy in the early Middle Ages (Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek Albertina, Haenel 8+9).

The codex, probably written at Cividale, is one of the oldest witnesses of the Historia Langobardorum (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, ms. XXVIII).

Eberhard, the Frankish nobleman, Charles the Bald’s brother in law, takes over to ruling the Duchy of Friuli, which was to become later a March. Eberhard’s library is the provenance of a most celebrated Psalter which is nowadays kept at the Vatican Apostolic Library (Reg. lat. 11).

A codex of accurate manufacturing, whose local provenance is proved by the herein contained passions of Aquileian martyrs (Graz, Universitätsbibliothek, 412).

The names of the patriarchs Valpert and Lupus emerging from the margins of this book prove its Friulian provenance (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, lat. 9531).

Fragment of one of the most important encyclopaedic collections of the early Middle Ages (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 132).

Beginning of the Hungarian invasions that were to devastate Friuli for about a century, and to sign a neat split from the previous period also as to the preservation documents and handwritten books.

The provenance of the codex from Cividale is due to marginal notes evidencing its local use among the twelfth and sixteenth century (Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 11256).

The pages of this codex, manufactured in Mainz and completed in Fulda, record the suffragan bishops’ oath of loyalty to patriarch Poppo (Udine, Archivio Capitolare, 2).

Produced at Reichenau and subsequently enriched in the Kievan Rus’, the codex came to Friuli thanks to the patriarch Berthold of Andechs (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, codex CXXXVI).

Written and miniated in Fulda for the Bremen-Hamburg diocese, the codex arrived in Friuli during Poppo’s patriarchy (Udine, Archivio Capitolare, 1).

The codex, which was part of the patriarch of Aquileia Domenico Grimani’s book collection and subsequently of the Venetian patrician Antonio Capello’s ‘museum’, was later purchased by the patriarch Dionisio Dolfin for the Patriarchal Library of Udine (Udine, Biblioteca Arcivescovile, 262).

The pages of this codex, another manufacture of the Reichenau monastery (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canon. Lit. 319), recollect the names of six patriarchs from John IV († 1019) to Sigeard († 1077).

John IV, patriarch of Aquileia, dies on 19 July. John was the first of a series of patriarchs reported in a Sacramentary manufactured at Reichenau in those same years and a few later arrived in Aquileia (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canon. Lit. 319). The Sacramentary commemorates also Poppo of the Otokars (28. IX.1042), Gotebald (27.XII.1062), Ravengerius (18.II.1068), Sigeard (12.VII.1077).

Patriarchy of the Bavarian Poppo of the Otokars (1019-1042). Poppo was one of the main accomplishers of the Ottonian politics in Italy. In 1020 he was in the retinue of pope Benedict VIII in Germany and stayed at Fulda, too, where he could maybe get two manuscripts once used in the cathedral of Aquileia and nowadays kept at Udine: the Evangelistary and Sacramentary of Fulda (Udine, Archivio Capitolare, codd. 1 e 2). The Evangelistary had to play an important role, since the suffragan bishops of the Aquileian province used to promise their obedience to the patriarchs on this manuscript.

The Benedictine Nuns of St. Mary of Aquileia soon came by this book manufactured in Salzburg in the eleventh century (Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, lat. III, 124).

1031 July 13, Aquileia. Consecration of the Cathedral by patriarch Poppo. In the apses the patriarch is portrayed together with empress Gisela, emperor Conrad II and their son Henry III.

1042 September 28, Aquileia. Patriarch Poppo suddenly dies. Memory of his death is kept in the Sacramentary of Reichenau which was used in Aquileia in the eleventh century (Oxford, Bodleian Library Canon. Lit. 319).

Written in Regensburg for the Aquileian Church, and destroyed during the Second World conflict, the codex is known only thanks to a catalogue record (already kept in St. Petersburg, Rossijskaia Nacionalnaja Biblioteka, ms Q. v. I Nr. 25).

The giant bible that in the half of the fifteenth century appears among the books of the parish church of San Daniele del Friuli had been in Friuli at least since the years of Pellegrinus’ I patriarchy (1131-1161), after belonging to St. Pontianus’ church of Spoleto in 1078 (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 1-2).

Written and decorated at Tegernsee in the eleventh century, the book subsequently came to the use of a church of the Patriarchate (Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, lat. Z. 509).

The Codex 73 of the Patriarchal Library of Udine, an eleventh-century Psalter-hymnal written at St. Paul in Lavant and given to the use of the abbey of Rosazzo, evidences the common origin of the two abbeys and the relation they have with the Spanheim family, future dukes of Carinthia.

Election of the patriarch Sigeard of Sighardinger (1068-1077). In the Oxford Sacramentary, the provenance of which is Aquileia (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canon. Lit. 319), the patriarch’s name is reported together with some members of his family.

1077 April 1 (?), Pavia. Henry IV bestows the county of Friuli upon patriarch Sigeard and the Aquileian church as a reward to the patriarch’s loyalty.

Emperor Henry IV appoints Ulrich of Eppenstein, from the family of the dukes of Carinthia, patriarch of Aquileia (1086-1121).

This Bible of a possible Roman origin has been kept at Cividale del Friuli at least since the years of the patriarch Gerard (1122-1129). Its manufacturing can evidently be dated to little earlier than 1100, providing that a note by a contemporary hand records the Holy Sepulchre’s conquest by the Crusaders (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, I-II).

1099 July 15. Conquest of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem by the Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon and Raymond count of Toulouse. The event is reported in a note on margin of the Giant Bible of Cividale (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, cod. I).

An Anglo-Norman bible that came to Friuli around the half of the fourteenth century and was given to the chapter of Udine by Giovanni Gubertini, patriarchal chancellor (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, lat. 11929).

Consecration of the abbey church of Moggio in the presence of patriarch Ulrich of Eppenstein. Part of the fund of handwritten books of the abbey is now kept at the Patriarchal Library of Udine; a lot of other manuscripts that had got into Matteo Luigi Canonici’s collection were later purchased by the Bodleian Library of Oxford.

1121 December 13. Death of Ulrich of Eppenstein, patriarch of Aquileia.

Gerard patriarch of Aquileia (1122-1128): his name appears on the margins of the Giant Bible belonging to the Chapter of Cividale (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, cod. I).

This book fragment eloquently exemplifies the final destiny of full many a large-format bible: fallen into disuse and become obsolete due to press publishing they ended up by being considered mere depots of parchment (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 237).

Pellegrino I of Povo, patriarch of Aquileia (1131-1161). His name appears in notes on the margins of various books: in particular in the Giant Bible of San Daniele, where he is mentioned as neo-elected patriarch of Aquileia (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 1) and in the Giant Bible of Cividale (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, cod. I). Some codices, which were manufactured in these decades, evidence the presence of a centre of book production connected the schools of the Chapter of Cividale (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, codd. XXII, XXIII, LXVII).

Peter Lombard’s work became the official textbook of scholastic theology teaching. This codex, written upon cardinal Ardizzone da Rivoltella’s patronage, later belonged to Antonio Pancera, patriarch of Aquileia (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 42).

Quite certainly written for the chapter of Cividale, this book betrays a strong Germanic imprint both due to the presence of transalpine saints and to the music notation (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, codex XCI).

A medicine book that perhaps belonged to the cardinal Antonio Pancera or to the Friulian doctor Geremia Simeoni and later got onto Guarnerio d’Artegna’s bookshelves (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 145).

The Aquileian provenance of the manuscript is widely documented by a series of Aquileian-typical liturgical constants and by the presence of the patron saints Hermagoras and Fortunatus (atican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ross. 76).

The large number of fragments of Rolandinus’ work kept at the State Archives of Udine confirm the widespread circulation of this text in Friuli (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 131).

The ‘Byzantine’ Bible remains an enigma as to the reasons of its patrons and the location of its scriptorium (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 3).

The codex, which is seriously mutilated, was written for the Church of Cividale and evidences how complex were the relations between the different liturgical-music centres along the Middle Ages (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, codex XLI).

The sequence for Saints Hermagoras’ and Fortunatus’ mass, Plebs fidelis Hermachorae, is an unmistakable sign of the manuscript’s Aquileian provenance (Udine, Biblioteca Arcivescovile, 2).

One of first de luxe Psalters manufactured for the high lay aristocracy in a German milieu, most likely in the monastery of Reinhardsbrunn, around the years 1201-1208, under the patronage of Herman I, landgrave of Thuringia, and his second wife, Sophia of Wittelsbach, the codex consignee (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, CXXXVII).

Bologna. Around in these years the copy was made of the Decretum Gratiani codex, which belonged to Marsilius, a canon of Cividale, and is nowadays kept in that same city (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, ms. V). It is here dealt with one of the Canonical Law fundamentals, present in the inventories of various canons of Aquileia, Cividale and Udine. Starting from the twelfth-century last decades a large number of clerics of the Patriarchate of Aquileia began to an increasingly extend to attend the great universities that were being established: not only Bologna, but also Paris and Oxford. Documents thereon are, among other things, the numerous evidences, just fragments in many cases, of scholastic texts circulating in Friuli in the late Middle Ages.

A Hebrew codex of Grimani’s collection purchased by the patriarch Dionisio Dolfin for the Patriarchal Library of Udine (Udine, Biblioteca Arcivescovile, 248).

In the abbey scriptorium of Admont a Gradual is produced that is soon to be used in the Friulian abbey of Moggio (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canon. Lit. 340).

Frederick II receives the imperial crown by the German princes in Aachen.

The canon of Aquileia Tommasino da Cerclaria composes his Middle High German poem Der Wälsche Gast ('The Romance Guest').

Berthold of Andechs-Merania is elected patriarch of Aquileia (1218-1251). Berthold’s long patriarchy turns out to be a moment of particular relevance for the artistic production in the lands of the Patriarchate. Thanks to the patriarch two illuminated books of extraordinary importance got to Friuli: Egbert’s Psalter produced in the scriptorium of Reichenau (Cividale, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, CXXXVI) and St. Elizabeth’s Psalter produced at Reinhardsbrunn between 1201 and 1208, which is one of the first de luxe Psalter manufactured for the high lay aristocracy in a German milieu (Cividale, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, CXXXVII).

Frederick II of Swabia, also a poet and courteous poetry promoter, meets in Aquileia his son Henry VII of Germany in the presence of the patriarch Berthold of Andechs-Merania: a venue that turns out to be political and literary milieu, providing the plausible presence of poets and minnesänger in their retinue.

At the end of the Swabish Landfriede a German hand copies in Aquileia a fragment of the love song Resplendiente stella de albur by Giacomino Pugliese (Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, C 88, f. Iv), which is to be considered the oldest written witness of the Sicilian poetic school.

1250 December 13. Frederick II’s death.

The ‘Guarneriana’ codex is quite a precocious and very correct witness of the success had in the Italian area by the bible model named Parisiensis after the University where it had its origin (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 248).

1251 May 23. Death of the patriarch Berthold of Andechs-Merania.

Gregorio di Montelongo has his entry in the Patriarchate (1252-1269). The brief and belated Provençal season is in Friuli to be referred to the person of this energetic patriarch, who set out a political and cultural turning point since his arrival in Aquileia in 1252, with his looking at Rome and the Guelph issues after centuries of the Patriarchate’s alignment with the Ghibelline Germanic world.

1269 September 8, Cividale. Death of the patriarch Gregorio di Montelongo.

[Planh] en mort d’En Joan de Cucanh: an Occitan lyric of circumstance in memory of Giovanni di Cucagna written and set to music by an anonymous minstrel bound to the court of the patriarch Gregorio di Montelongo (Cividale del Friuli, Archivio Capitolare, 1484, Capitolo, San Marco di Rubignacco).

In around this year a Bible in five volumes was manufactured for the Chapter of Aquileia, the illuminated initials of which reveal an unequivocal connection with the contemporary Venetian miniature (Gorizia, Biblioteca del Seminario Teologico, 4).

Written for the Church of Cividale, whose dedication day is here recalled, the codex witnesses the Germanic tradition impact on the Friulian area melodies (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, codex LVI).

A scholastic textbook with commentaries on Aristotle’s works of Paris provenance which was used by the students of the Patriarchate (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 231).

A codex of the Queste, originally belonging to the library of the Gonzaga of Mantua, that later was part of the Patriarchal library of Udine (Udine, Biblioteca Arcivescovile, 177).

The fragment, used by the notary Decio di Leonardo Deciani of Tolmezzo in the years 1598-99, contains episodes referable to the first part of the romance of the successful French prose anonymous cycle (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 107).

Boniface VIII calls the first jubilee.

A manuscript belonging to the Tresor original redaction which was reduced to fragments and is now reconstructed (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 150).

A Justinian’s Codex fragment of Bologna provenance (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 129).

The coats of arms of the Antonines’ General, Ponce (or Pierre) II Mitte (1370-1374) or Bertrand Mitte (1374-1389), and of the family Marra of Naples allow to individuate the patrons of an Antiphonal that probably came to Friuli in the first half of the fifteenth century (Udine, Archivio Capitolare, ms. 20).

One of the sources of major moment, together with a plenty of accounting and administrative papers, for the study of the Friulian language of the origins (Verona, Biblioteca Civica, 1253, b. 53/2).

This school, better say secondary school, text is likely to be referred to Guarnerio d'Artegna’s education or somehow to his relations with his school teacher, the humanist Giovanni da Spilimbergo (1380 circa-1455), as evidenced by the frequent marginal and interlinear notes of a contemporary or little later period (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 129).

One among not many Friulian literary texts of the decades astride the fourteenth and fifteenth century that has outlived the injuries of time (Udine, Biblioteca Civica "Joppi", Fondo principale, 369).

The codex, which is part of a four-volume Antiphonal written and illuminated under the Neapolitan church’s patronage of St. Anthony the Abbot at Foria, probably came to Friuli in the first half of the fifteenth century (Udine, Archivio Capitolare, 24).

An unknown version of Vegetius’ work and a fragment of Mascalcia, one of the oldest of this treatise (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragments 158 and 159).

A small fragment of a code of medicine written in France and used in Cividale del Friuli between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 14).

This text, which was really widespread until the heart of the Modern Age, is the work by Rolandinus, the master notary at the Studium of Bologna (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 17).

Francesco Squarani da Venzone, at the time student, copies some school texts in the house of the Venetian canonist Domenico da Ponte at Padua (Treviso, Biblioteca Comunale, 156).

Bartolus is one of the major commentators of Justinian’s Corpus iuris: this fragment belongs to his Commentary to the Codex (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 97).

This hymnal mainly exhibits the transalpine hymnody tradition enriched by local contributions (Udine, Biblioteca Arcivescovile, 80).

Written and miniated by a Venetian school master for a Preachers’ church, perhaps for St. Domenic’s of Cividale itself (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, codex XXXIII).

A complete minute Bible (it is a typical livre de poche) that reflects a late materialization of the Biblia Parisiensis prototype (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 284.).

1301 February 19, Udine. Patriarch Pietro da Ferentino dies and is buried in the parish church of the castle of Udine. A Psalter and hymnal of Paduan provenance used in that same parish church records the patriarch’s testament provisions (Udine, Biblioteca arcivescovile, cod. 92).

This exemplar of a work that follows the tradition of great medieval encyclopaedias and had a wide spread in the Middle Ages was written in Portogruaro, “in the province of Friuli”, at the beginning of the fourteenth century (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canon. Misc. 356).

A codex of the school of Bologna that, according to tradition, the parish church of Gemona received as a present by the patriarch Bertrand of Saint-Geniès (Gemona del Friuli, Museo della Pieve e tesoro del Duomo, Gradual 3).

The most important vernacular prose text of the Italian Literature before the Decameron is conveyed by these fragments having their provenance from St. Francesco della Vigna’s convent of Udine (Padua, Biblioteca Universitaria, 609, front flyleaf; Udine, Biblioteca Arcivescovile, 86, back flyleaf).

The text of Tristan in prose (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 110), which was the most successful romance in oïl language along the whole Middle Ages, emerges from a cover board of the notarial protocols of Lorenzo di Domenico of Lovaria, notary in Udine (1457-58).

Bertrand of Saint-Geniès (1334-1350) is elected patriarch of Aquileia. His activity in favour of the patriarchate and Friuli was intense on a political, religious and cultural level. Some French books written by Friulian authors, such as the Itinerarium by Odorico da Pordenone and the Compilatio historiarum totius Bibliae by Giovanni da Mortegliano, evidence an European interest towards some books produced in Friuli in this period.

Vitale da Bologna works on the frescoes of the cathedral of Udine. The decoration of a Gradual, which was manufactured for the chapter of Udine, has been put in relation to the presence of the master of Bologna in the city (ACU, 29, 25, 23 e 19).

1350 June 6, San Giorgio della Richinvelda. Murder of Bertrand of Saint-Geniès, patriarch of Aquileia. The fly-leaf of a Lectionary of the Abbey of Moggio, nowadays kept at the Patriarchal Library of Udine, reports memory of his murder (Biblioteca patriarcale, cod. 50).

A codex of the school of Bologna that, according to tradition, the parish church of Gemona received as a present by the patriarch Bertrand of Saint-Geniès (Udine, Archivio Capitolare, 23).

The set of illustrations, which repeat the same features of kaleidoscopic initials and inserts of bizarre beings and animals as in the other codices of this series, reaches here in some initials a quasi-irreverent and amused tone (Udine, Archivio Capitolare, 25).

The Gradual decoration is ascribed to a miniaturist participating in the Gothic-key renewal of the Friulian figurative culture that sprang thanks to Vitale da Bologna’s presence in Udine between 1348 and 1349 (Udine, Archivio Capitolare, 29).

Written by a probably local copyist who was familiar with the linguistic habits of French texts transcribed in Italy (Cividale del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica, Fondo D’Orlandi, ACD H 24).

1354 October 14, Udine. On the occasion of Charles IV of Luxembourg’s visit to the city, his brother Nicholas patriarch of Aquileia gives the emperor two gatherings of St. Mark’s ‘autographic’ Gospel (Prague, Archiv Pražského hradu [Knihovna Metropolitní Kapitoly], Cim. 1).

The book, which belonged to Giusto Fontanini and was by the latter left to the Biblioteca Guarneriana (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 238), contains a fourteenth-century vernacular translation of the Tresor first book (ff. 1r-62v) and astronomical computations (ff. 62v-63v).

The Schism of the Western Church (1378-1417) has its beginning with a double election to the pontifical throne.

Giovanni of q. Andrea of Gemona, student at Bologna, copies a manuscript by Valerius Maximus (Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. Lat. 1918).

Philippe d’Alençon, patriarch of Aquileia (1381-1387).

One of Marsilius of Inghen’s commentaries to Aristotle probably used by a Dominican student (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 232).

A complex collection, coherent with the culture of its illustrious owner, Antonio Pancera, patriarch of Aquileia (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 75).

A student of the school of Cividale, whose master was Gentile Belloli from Ravenna, copies a codex of Seneca’s Tragedies that is nowadays kept at Oxford (Bodleian Library, Canon. Class. Lat. 88).

The brush-painted initials of this antiphonal, manufactured for the chapter of Cividale, exhibit an insisting presence of monstrous beings, drakes and grotesque masks either placed in their inside fields or forming the initials themselves (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivio e Biblioteca, codex XL).

The oldest Italian manual of fencing technique by the Friulian Fiore dei Liberi in a codex of the Los Angeles Getty Museum (Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum, Ludwig, XV.13).

Giovanni Belgrado, son to Antonio decretorum doctor, copies some humanistic texts at the school of Giovanni da Spilimbergo in Udine (Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, cod. 228).

An Antiphonal copied at the beginning of the fifteenth century in the castle of Udine, the patriarchal residence of the time, by some chaplains-copyists of the patriarch Louis of Teck (Udine, Biblioteca Arcivescovile, ms. 94).

A systematic collection of Petrarch’s and Cicero’s moral sayings drawn out for cardinal Antonio Pancera, patriarch of Aquileia (San Daniele, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 138).

The set of illustrations and, more generally, the manufacturing of the whole codex can be assigned to a workshop of Cividale that is to be included in the late-Gothic Veneto milieu close to the most relevant personalities of the same (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, codex XXXVII).

In Bologna a Friulian student, Giovanni Berto, copies a codex of Statius’ Thebais with a splendid pomp display (Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Arch. Cap. S. Pietro H. 15).

1402 February 27. Pope Boniface IX (Perrino Tomacelli) awards Antonio Pancera of Portogruaro the patriarchate of Aquileia.

1408 June 13, Lucca. Gregory XII dismisses patriarch Antonio Pancera.

Pope Gregory XII calls an ecumenical council at Cividale for the reunion of the Church torn by the schism. Pope Gregory’s brief presence is witnessed by some fragments of a scroll with the list of papal scriptores and other Ars Nova fragments composed by the masters of papal cappella Renzo da Pontecorvo, Filippotto da Caserta and Antonio called Zachara da Teramo (Udine, Archivio di Stato, framm. 22; Cividale, Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Biblioteca, cod. XCVIII, fogli di guardia).

1409 March. Gregory XII notifies the appointment of Antonio da Ponte, former bishop of Concordia, to new patriarch.

1411 June 5. John XXIII appoints Antonio Pancera to cardinal, who will definitely leave Friuli after a few months upon his refusal of the patriarchate.

1411 November. Emperor Sigismund’s troops invade Friuli.

1412 July 6, Aquileia. Louis of Teck is elected patriarch with the emperor’s support (1412-1439). In the immediately following years some liturgical codices were written and illuminated for him in the castle of Udine, two of which are now kept at the Patriarchal Library of Udine (Biblioteca patriarcale, codd. 93 e 94).

Antonio Baldana “Utinensis legum studens” composes his De magno schismate, and dedicates it to Martin V (Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, cod. 1194). The work, which is written in prose and verses in a ‘stilus multiformis’ with a thirty of pen-drawn and water-coloured sketches accompanying the text, narrates the main events of the Western Schism until the election of Martin V and the first two years of his pontificate.

In Constance Antonio Pancera, former patriarch of Aquileia, gathers a wide collection of documents (Codex diplomaticus) so as to witness his struggles for the defence of the Patriarchate and interventions in the Church general politics (S. Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca civica Guarneriana, cod. 220).

In Constance, election of pope Martin V (Oddone Colonna) and end of the Western Schism.

1420 June 6, Udine. Venetian troops enter into the city and, as a matter of fact, they put an end to the patriarchal State.

1420 June 24, Venice. St. Mark’s Gospel autograph, taken away from Aquileia, is with solemnity transferred into the treasure of the St. Mark’s basilica (Venice, Tesoro della Basilica di San Marco).

One of the most used texts for Latin teaching in the grammar schools all over Europe until the sixteenth century which got into Guarnerio d’Artegna’s book collection (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 120).

The codex, made under the patronage of Ludovico Trevisan, patriarch of Aquileia and chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church, was assigned to the papal library upon his death (Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 436).

A manuscript designed and manufactured as a school text to be studied at Udine, perhaps initially for the personal use of Valerio Filittini, the undersigning copyist upon his work’s completion (Udine, Biblioteca Arcivescovile, 14).

A fifteenth-century herbary, featuring a very rich set of illustrations, that was purchased by the City Library of Udine in 1920 (Udine, Biblioteca Civica "Vincenzo Joppi", Fondo principale, 1161).

The profound religious crisis and the expectations of renewal characterising this period find a counterpart in a work by Telesforo da Cosenza, a Joachimite, that narrates about the Anti-Christ’s advent, the waiting for an angelic Pope and the division of the ecclesiastical history into subsequent schisms. A copy of this Libellus written in 1426 is kept at San Daniele del Friuli (Biblioteca Guarneriana, cod. 264).

Guarnerio d’Artegna stays at San Biagio della Pagnotta, in Rome, in the residence of Antonio Pancera, as his family fellow.

1431 July 23, Basel. Opening of the council.

1431 July 3, Rome. Death of the cardinal Antonio Pancera. From the patriarch’s heirs Guarnerio d’Artegna will later purchase some splendid codices of the cardinal’s book collection, among which the splendid ‘Byzantine’ Bible, and Peter Lombard’s Sententiae which had been written upon cardinal Ardizzone Rivoltella’s patronage (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Guarneriana, codd. 3 e 42).

1434 September 29, Basel. The patriarch of Aquileia Louis of Teck has a ‘monitorium’ affixed on the doors of Basel cathedral against the Republic of Venice which is threatened with excommunication and interdict, if it does not give Friuli and Istria back to the patriarch within short time.

1435 December 23, Basel. The council excommunicates the doge and the Venetian rulers and lays the city under interdict.

1436 January 10, Aquileia. Guarnerio d’Artegna, who has become canon of Aquileia, completes a codex of Plautus’ Comedies (Biblioteca Guarneriana, cod. 54).

Eugene IV closes the council of Basel. Death of the emperor Sigismund.

Council of Ferrara-Florence. Among the participants there are several, ecclesiastic and lay, Friulian persons such as Giacomo da Udine and Guarnerio d’Artegna. Here in the first day when the reunion of the Western and Eastern Churches was ratified (6 July 1439) Giacomo subscribes his copy of a Lactantius’ codex (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, lat. 2968).

The council is moved to Ferrara (5 April - 28 December), and then to Florence.

Nicolò di Giorgio of San Vito al Tagliamento, canon of Udine and parish priest of Lavariano, copies a collection of Cicero’s work (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 61) for Guarnerio d’Artegna. Five of the seven codices copied by Nicolò for Guarnerio are explicitly dated at Lavariano.

A collection of Plutarch’s Parallel Lives, in the Latin version, is copied for Ludovico Trevisan, patriarch of Aquileia, in Florence (Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal. Lat. 918).

A codex with texts of the Church Fathers copied during the Council of Florence by the canon Giacomo of Udine, familiar to Ludovico Trevisan and Guarnerio d'Artegna’s friend (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, lat. 2968).

1439 August 19, Basel. The patriarch Louis of Teck dies in a plague epidemy.

1439 December 19, Florence. Pope Eugene IV (Gabriele Condulmer) appoints Ludovico Trevisan patriarch of Aquileia (1439-1465).

1440 February 29, Udine. Giovanni Fontana, physician and architect, ends his treatise De trigonio balistario and dedicates it to Domenico Bragadin, mathematics lecturer at St. Marks’ School of Venice (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canon. Misc. 47). The treatise describes a tool for trigonometric measuring that can be considered as a sextant prototype.

During the council in Florence the canon Giacomo da Udine copies a Cicero’s codex that he will then leave to St. Francis’ convent of Udine. The codex will be subject to a long series of passing of property before it gets the Bodleian Library, where it is nowadays kept (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bywater Add. 1).

1441 February 2, Udine. Guarnerio d’Artegna, who has become canon of Udine, completes a copy of Cicero’s De officiis (Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, cod. 69).

In Aquileia Giacomo da Udine copies a codex by Boethius (currently Paris, Arsenal, 964).

Guarnerio d’Artegna, canon of Udine, copies a codex with texts of Florus and Livy (Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, cod. 71).

1445 June 10, Venice. Signing of the agreement that puts an end to the dispute between the patriarch of Aquileia and the Republic. The patriarch is given ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the Patriarchate and feudal jurisdiction over the city of Aquileia and the castles of San Vito al Tagliamento and San Daniele del Friuli.

A miscellaneous codex of Guarnerio’s collection that includes some advices by the Friulian doctor Geremia Simeoni (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 43).

Guarnerio d’Artegna is appointed deputy vicar of the patriarch of Aquileia.

Some copyists, student-notaries at the school of Udine, copy a miscellaneous collection of different works that had wide spread in the fifteenth-century Humanism for Guarnerio d'Artegna (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, cod. 102).

From July 1448 to June 1449 Francesco Barbaro is ‘luogotenente’ (general Governor) of the Patria del Friuli.

The exemplar of Augustine’s De Civitate Dei, which is worked out upon the patronage of the patriarchal vicar Guarnerio d’Artegna, for the first time shows the typical ‘tied neck-knot’ decoration that can be found in other codices of Guarnerio’s collection written in this period (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, cod. 8).

For more than one century the processionals of Cividale have drawn the attention of musicologists and historians of the theatre. The main interest on an international level concerns some ‘dramatic’ compositions of a strong theatrical value (Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Archivi e Biblioteca, codex CI).

The codex, manufactured under the family Porcia’s patronage, includes only texts legitimating those humanistic culture and studia humanitatis that had a significantly wide spread in Friuli (Udine, Biblioteca Arcivescovile, 11).

Suppression of the Patriarchy of Grado and transfer of the patriarchal see of Grado to Venice.

Giovanni Belgrado, a notary student at the school of Udine, makes a copy of Leonardo Bruni’s De bello Italico adversus Gothos (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canon. Misc. 551) for Guarnerio d’Artegna.

Battista da Cingoli copies Plinius’ Naturalis historia for Guarnerio d'Artegna in San Daniele (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Par. lat. 9325).

In these years Nicolò de Collibus, a young notary-student at Udine, copies Livy’s Histories (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, lat. 8954) committed by Guarnerio d'Artegna.

Nicolò de Collibus, a young notary-student at Udine, copies twelve Plautus’ ‘New’ comedies (Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, cod. 53) committed by Guarnerio d'Artegna.

Battista da Cingoli, a professional copyist at Guarnerio d'Artegna’s service, copies in Udine a Virgil’s codex for Girolamo Barbarigo, ‘luogotenente’ (general Governor) of the Patria del Friuli (Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Pal. lat. 39).

Guarnerio d’Artegna, no-longer vicar of the patriarch, definitely moves his residence from Udine to San Daniele del Friuli, where he has become parish priest. On such occasion he draws out the first inventory of his library.

The Minor Observants of the convent of S. Francesco della Vigna in Udine are asked to give back the brotherhood of St. Maria del Castello the codices they were given by the patriarch Louis of Teck.

The Paduan calligrapher Bartolomeo Sanvito (1435-1511), who had among his clients, beyond the Gonzaga, also Marcantonio Morosini of Venice and the patriarch of Aquileia Ludovico Trevisan, copies the vernacular Italian translation of the First decade of Livy’s Histories (Udine, Seminario Arcivescovile, Biblioteca ‘P. Bertolla’, Fondo Cernazai 421).

A student at the school of master Nicolò di Iacopo of San Daniele copies Boethius’ De consolatione philosophiae in Gemona (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca civica Guarneriana, cod. 125).

Creation of the diocese of Ljubljana that incorporates part of the territory previously belonging to the patriarchate of Aquileia.

A man of Cividale, Nicolò Claricini senior, copies a codex of the Dante’s Comedy (Padova, Biblioteca Civica, C.M. 937).

1466 October 10, San Daniele del Friuli. Death of Guarnerio d’Artegna who leaves to the church of St. Michele «all the books he found himself to have with obligation to the church to build an honest and decent place for a library and there to put all the said books, and tie them with chains and keep them».

A kind of hodgepodge book put together by Nicolò de Portis from Cividale usefully witnesses the spread of books and knowledge of medical matters (Udine, Biblioteca Civica "Vincenzo Joppi", Fondo Joppi, 61).

Pietro Barozzi dedicates his De ratione bene moriendi to Marco Barbo, cardinal of St. Mark and patriarch of Aquileia (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Lyell 81).

The codex, written and illuminated by Bartolomeo Sanvito for the cleric Ludovico Agnelli of Mantua, belonged to the family Amalteo of Pordenone before being purchased by the Community of San Daniele del Friuli (San Daniele del Friuli, Biblioteca Civica Guarneriana, 139).

Giovanni de Cramariis accomplishes one of his most sumptuous Choir books of Spilimbergo (Spilimbergo, Archivio parrocchiale, 3). The whole set of choir books of the cathedral was carried out between 1494 and 1507.

A great literary success and a voracious consumption was by the public rewarded to the rhymes contained in a fragment of the notary Nicolò di Giorgio di San Daniele del Friuli which is now kept in Udine (Udine, Archivio di Stato, fragment 72).

Dedicatory copy of Quintius Emilianus Cimbriacus’ Carmina to the patriarch Nicolò Donà (New Haven, Yale University, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Marston 161).

Last Turkish incursion into Friuli, which caused around 10.000 victims.